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Contents
| Side | |||
| SOGNDAL MUNICIPALITY | 1 | ||
| 1. | An introductory meeting with the village | 1 | |
| By Per Sandal | |||
| Along the borders | 3 | ||
| Norane | 4 | ||
| The Kaupanger area | 5 | ||
| The name Sogndal | 7 | ||
| Sogndalsbygda | 7 | ||
| Publisher and growth conditions | 12 | ||
| 2. | How others have experienced Sogndal | 16 | |
| A selection of village stories through the ages | 16 | ||
| 3. | Sogndal municipality in the 1970s and 80s | 38 | |
| Population and business. Numbers and trends | |||
| By Jon Farestveit | 38 | ||
| Agriculture and forestry | 39 | ||
| Industry. Building and construction | 41 | ||
| Tertiary industries (Tenesteytande næringar) | 42 | ||
| SOGNDALSMÅLET - AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SOUND AND FORM OF THE LANGUAGE | |||
| By Per Arvid Ølmheim | 47 | ||
| The sound system | 50 | ||
| Powerful vocals | 50 | ||
| Pressure-light vocals | 52 | ||
| Labialization | 53 | ||
| Progressive j umlaut | 53 | ||
| Difton yarn | 53 | ||
| Misrepresentation | 53 | ||
| Monophthong | 55 | ||
| Consonants | 56 | ||
| Consonant ratios | 57 | ||
| Assimilation | 59 | ||
| Embedding (metathesis) | 59 | ||
| Palatalization | 59 | ||
| Advancing the print in front words and personal names | 61 | ||
| clay layer | 61 | ||
| Formverket | 62 | ||
| Male nouns | 62 | ||
| Common nouns | 64 | ||
| Incognito nouns | 66 | ||
| adjective | 68 | ||
| Talord | 69 | ||
| Pronouns | 70 | ||
| Verb | 73 | ||
| Strong verbs | 73 | ||
| Linen verb | 75 | ||
| Irregular verbs | 76 | ||
| THE GEOLOGY OF SOGNDAL | 79 | ||
| By Inge Bryhni, Karl Anundsen, Asbjørn Rune Aa and Eivind Sønstegaard | |||
| Bedrock | 81 | ||
| The bedrock | 84 | ||
| The slate | 86 | ||
| Sliding deck | 89 | ||
| Granodiorite | 93 | ||
| How the mountain range was created | 94 | ||
| Developments in quarters | 96 | ||
| Ice Age | 96 | ||
| Different ice pipe directions | 96 | ||
| The ice is melting | 99 | ||
| How the loose masses were created | 106 | ||
| The landscape is being shaped | 109 | ||
| The depressed country rises again | 113 | ||
| Sources | 117 | ||
| PREHISTORIC TIMES IN SOGNDAL | 119 | ||
| By Bergljot Solberg | |||
| I | The source basis | 121 | |
| II | Stone Age | 125 | |
| Older Stone Age (7000-8000 BC - ca. 3000 BC) | 125 | ||
| Early Stone Age (approx. 3300-1500 BC) | 127 | ||
| III | Bronze Age (approx. 1500-500 BC) | 135 | |
| Primary nutrients | 135 | ||
| Specialists | 136 | ||
| Social groups | 137 | ||
| Trade and contact outside | 139 | ||
| religion | 140 | ||
| IV | Older Iron Age (approx. 500 BC - 550 AD) | 141 | |
| Pre-Roman Iron Age (approx. 500 BC) | 142 | ||
| Roman era (ca. BC - 400 AD) | 143 | ||
| Busetjing | 143 | ||
| New cultural impulses | 146 | ||
| Trade - contact outlets | 152 | ||
| Social groups | 154 | ||
| Migration period (approx. 400 - 550/600 AD) | 156 | ||
| Busetjinga | 157 | ||
| Sogndalsbygda | 159 | ||
| Norum village | 162 | ||
| Kaupangerbygda | 163 | ||
| Specialists | 164 | ||
| Trade - contact outlets | 169 | ||
| Social groups | 171 | ||
| Uncertain times | 177 | ||
| V | Younger Iron Age | 178 | |
| Merovingian period (550-800 AD) | 178 | ||
| Busetjing | 178 | ||
| Agriculture | 180 | ||
| Specialists | 181 | ||
| New cultural impulses | 182 | ||
| Runner | 184 | ||
| Social groups | 186 | ||
| Viking Age (ca. 800-1030 AD) | 187 | ||
| Busetjing | 188 | ||
| Sogndalsbygda | 188 | ||
| Norum village | 191 | ||
| Kaupanger village | 192 | ||
| Garden - agriculture | 194 | ||
| Specialists | 196 | ||
| Trade - contact outlets | 198 | ||
| Social groups | 201 | ||
| Hov | 206 | ||
| VI | Findings list | 210 | |
| VII | Key references | 230 | |
| VIII | Sources and literature | 233 | |
| HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1050-1350 | 239 | ||
| By Ingvild Øye | |||
| Villages and districts | 240 | ||
| The boilers | 244 | ||
| 1. | The village in transformation. Secular and ecclesiastical government | 245 | |
| The old villages | 245 | ||
| Things and leases | 246 | ||
| Kings and peasants | 253 | ||
| A new faith - Christianity and church government | 257 | ||
| Priests and priest boards | 268 | ||
| 2. | The village is growing - new farms and farms | 277 | |
| Gardane in Norumsbygda | 281 | ||
| Curtains in the Sogndal area | 294 | ||
| Gardane in Kaupangerbygda | 310 | ||
| Bygda collect | 314 | ||
| How big were the guards in Sogndal? | 315 | ||
| Usage sharing | 318 | ||
| The population | 320 | ||
| 3. | Commercial operations - Operating methods and returns | 322 | |
| Agriculture | 322 | ||
| Arable farm | 322 | ||
| Operating methods in arable farming | 323 | ||
| Livestock farming | 326 | ||
| The scale of grain production | 327 | ||
| The scale of livestock farming | 331 | ||
| Accessory industries | 335 | ||
| Forestry | 335 | ||
| Fishing and hunting | 341 | ||
| Housework | 342 | ||
| 4. | Earthen clay and earthen clay | 344 | |
| The rental agency | 344 | ||
| Property conditions in Sogndal | 345 | ||
| Church property | 346 | ||
| Royal chapel goods | 348 | ||
| Monastery goods | 349 | ||
| Royal soil | 354 | ||
| Great manor | 354 | ||
| Peasant goods | 356 | ||
| 5. | Farmers and landowners | 358 | |
| 6. | Kaupangen at Amlabukti | 371 | |
| Was the trading post Kaupang or Lusakaupang still there? | 376 | ||
| What were the functions of the store in Kaupangar? | 386 | ||
| Trade | 386 | ||
| Other nutrients | 390 | ||
| Administration city | 391 | ||
| Kyrkjestad | 392 | ||
| Population. | 393 | ||
| How long was there a trading post in Kaupanger? | 394 | ||
| 7. | Daily life in the village | 396 | |
| The rhythm of the year and life | 397 | ||
| The life cycle | 399 | ||
| Houses and building practices | 410 | ||
| Diet and health | 419 | ||
| 8. | Abstracts | 419 | |
| THE MIDDLE AGES 1350-1536 | 421 | ||
| 9. | Population loss and island time | 421 | |
| 10. | Gardar goes to the island | 425 | |
| Norumsbygda | 427 | ||
| Sogndals area | 429 | ||
| Kaupangerbygda | 433 | ||
| Bygda collect | 435 | ||
| The user speech | 436 | ||
| The population | 437 | ||
| 11. | Decline in agricultural production | 438 | |
| Operational restructuring? | 440 | ||
| 12. | Changes in ownership conditions. Land tax and price falls | 442 | |
| Church property increases | 442 | ||
| The land charge case | 443 | ||
| Land price | 447 | ||
| 13. | The village council | 449 | |
| New chairman for the local board | 449 | ||
| Restrictions in the church council | 451 | ||
| Rejections, sources and literature | 454 | ||
| OUT OF THE WAVE VALLEY (1500-1660) | 461 | ||
| By Per Sandal | |||
| 1. | From crisis to new growth | 463 | |
| The year 1522 | |||
| Livestock and tax farmers until around 1600 | 472 | ||
| Busette farms in the 1560s | 474 | ||
| Local rich people | 478 | ||
| The passion tax in 1567 | 479 | ||
| Stoda at the beginning of the 17th century | 480 | ||
| The period up to 1666 - a time of land grabs | 485 | ||
| The cleanup towards completion | 491 | ||
| "Gaardmend and husmend" anno 1645 | 493 | ||
| Into the 1660s | 498 | ||
| Garddeling | 499 | ||
| 2. | How many people? | 507 | |
| The distribution of land resources | 512 | ||
| 3. | The nutritional value | 517 | |
| " - Alleniste fields and meadows" | 518 | ||
| Arable farming | 518 | ||
| Scrapyard | 525 | ||
| Forests and saws in the 1600s | 536 | ||
| Fishing in fjords and rivers | 550 | ||
| BUILDING AND SURROUNDINGS | 557 | ||
| 1. | The secular governance | 559 | |
| Futane and their journey | 564 | ||
| Cuckoo Pedersen | 565 | ||
| Conflict and new plots | 577 | ||
| Riot during soldier discharge | 578 | ||
| "Disobedience when shooting" | 589 | ||
| 2. | Taxation in the 17th century | 590 | |
| Beach sitters are taxed | 593 | ||
| New tax inventions | 594 | ||
| Large tax burdens | 595 | ||
| Effects of tax pressure | 596 | ||
| 3. | Who owns the earth? | 601 | |
| Ownership status around 1660 | 601 | ||
| Noblesse oblige | 605 | ||
| Folkvard Brodersen | 608 | ||
| The King | 609 | ||
| The pastoral table in Sogndal | 609 | ||
| Apostle's Creed | 610 | ||
| Official and civic property | 612 | ||
| Church property | 613 | ||
| Other landowners | 614 | ||
| Peasant goods | 615 | ||
| Fragmented property rights | 616 | ||
| PEOPLE AND INDUSTRY (1660-1800) | 621 | ||
| 1. | Headcount and population | 626 | |
| Status and lifestyle | 632 | ||
| Soldier theme? | 632 | ||
| A reindeer farming community? | 635 | ||
| Other delivery methods? | 639 | ||
| The man number 1701 | 641 | ||
| "Farmers, islanders, Indians - - - -" | 644 | ||
| Sogndalsfjøra | 645 | ||
| "Craftsmen and the like" | 647 | ||
| Borgarnæring | 649 | ||
| "Standpersonar" | 652 | ||
| 2. | 1700s. Several parish churches | 654 | |
| Gender and age in 1760 | 656 | ||
| The first census | 659 | ||
| Further growth? | 662 | ||
| Life and cooking in the 18th century | 665 | ||
| Illness and other causes of death | 673 | ||
| Those who took their own lives | 680 | ||
| How to protect yourself against illness and death? | 681 | ||
| 3. | Modern industry and the daily bread | 683 | |
| Animal husbandry from 1666 to around 1800 | 685 | ||
| 1723 - a year that provides new stopping points | 688 | ||
| "The committed" practiced control | 690 | ||
| Features of animal husbandry in 1723 | 694 | ||
| Towards harmonization again? | 697 | ||
| Arable farm | 700 | ||
| Features of arable farming in 1723 | 704 | ||
| The field is central to popular belief and tradition | 708 | ||
| Homesteaders - also farmers | 709 | ||
| LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE OLD RURAL COMMUNITY | 717 | ||
| 1. | Bu and innbu | 723 | |
| Houses in the garden | 723 | ||
| Yards and single-family homes | 725 | ||
| Stova | 728 | ||
| Bu, stabbur, eldhus and smithy | 732 | ||
| Barns and barns | 734 | ||
| Gardskverna | 736 | ||
| Buildings in Sogndalsfjøra | 742 | ||
| Indoors and outdoors | 748 | ||
| Yarn equipment | 748 | ||
| Things made of wood | 754 | ||
| Clothing and laundry | 756 | ||
| Verdisaker | 767 | ||
| Books | 770 | ||
| Object culture - slow progress and distinctive distance | 771 | ||
| 2. | Local government and community life | 773 | |
| The village meeting | 773 | ||
| Court practice and local governance | 777 | ||
| The sheriffs | 780 | ||
| Court of law | 782 | ||
| "The king's business" | 782 | ||
| Fights - no smoke without fire | 783 | ||
| " - let his mouth run very easily" | 789 | ||
| Theft - for more than profit | 793 | ||
| Fornication - nature against legal chastisement | 797 | ||
| "Sacrilege" | 806 | ||
| Drape | 807 | ||
| King's demands and peasant travel | 810 | ||
| Tax hike | 811 | ||
| Nils Kvithovud - "rebel" and farmer leader | 815 | ||
| Rebellion | 818 | ||
| Dome | 819 | ||
| Literature, printed sources, abbreviations etc. | 821 | ||
| Index to volume I of Sogndal Bygdebok | 824 | ||
| Personal and city register | 824 | ||
| Case register | 827 | ||
